| Laser Light Show Safety: Who's Responsible? |
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The text presented here is for reference only. Please refer to the original PDF for actual use.
Source: http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/radhlth/pdf/llsgde01.pdf HHS Publication FDA 86-8262 June 1980 Revised May 1986 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration Center for Devices and Radiological Health Rockville, Maryland 20857 INTRODUCTION Laser light is one of the most exciting visual phenomena to illuminate the entertainment scene in recent years. Laser light shows have been used to complement the music of such diverse groups as the Philadelphia Orchestra and rock groups like KISS, WINGS, and the Electric Light Orchestra. Lasers are becoming routine features of planetariums, discotheques, conferences, amusement parks, state fairs, and even shopping malls. As beautiful as they can be, high power laser beams can be dangerous if they are not used with a serious concern for safety. Accidental exposure to a high power laser beam can cause permanent eye dam- age and severe skin burns. With laser shows that are designed and/or operated by competent and conscientious people, the chance of such accidents is negligible. Unfortunately, however, several light shows have been operated in a haphazard and hazardous manner. The Food and Drug Administration is the Federal agency responsible for protecting the public from radiation hazards from electronic products, including lasers. FDA's authority includes regulating the manufacture and assembly of lasers, requiring corrective action for those that do not comply with the safety regulations and educating people about laser safety. Several State radiation agencies are also active in the control of laser products and their use. The laser products that are in compliance with the laser standard have certain safety features to reduce the chance of accidents. But such efforts cannot ensure absolute safety. It is up to the laser operator and other responsible parties to see that the laser is used in a safe manner. We hope this booklet will help those who sponsor, arrange for, set up, insure or are otherwise involved with light shows, to carry out their part in laser safety. The booklet assumes no technical background. It describes the possible hazards, government requirements and individual responsibilities in laser light shows. The relevant government offices are included so people can get more information on their responsibilities and other aspects of laser light show safety. SPECTRUM OF RADIATIONS ULTRA- INFRA MICRO FM/TV X-RAYS VIOLET RED WAVES WAVES For example, unlike x rays or radioactivity, visible light radiation has not been associated with causing cancer or genetic damage. Light radiation falls on the spectrum of radiations ranging from ultraviolet through infrared (or heat). Within this range, only a small band of wavelengths is visible to the human eye. Each color that we see is actually light radiation of a particular wave1,ength. Visible light spans from violet, with short waves, to red, with longer waves. Lasers generally give off visible or optical radiation; some lasers can also give off radiation in the ultraviolet or infrared ranges that we can't see. Of course, lasers used in light shows give off visible radiation. Essentially, the laser light that creates such spectacular and exotic effects, is the same radiation that comes from an ordinary light bulb ... but it has some important differences. Laser light can have the purest and brightest of colors. And it can be thousands of times more intense than the light by which we read. The light from a light bulb radiates in all directions. If you were able to separate and trace the waves of light, you'd see a jumble of different wavelengths, and directions. In the light from a light bulb all the colors of the spectrum (i.e., the various wavelengths) are present and add to each other so that the light ap- pears white. Because the light from a light bulb spreads out, its power falls off or decreases as you move far- ther away. This is because of a property called "divergence." Think of a flashlight, whose light beam spreads out as you move farther away from it. This divergence or spreading out of the beam means that the power of the light is spread over an in- creasingly larger area as you move farther away. Laser light is quite different. All the light waves in a laser beam can have the same wavelength. Furthermore, they are in phase with each other. They travel in locked-step or synchronized pat- terns. This unique property of laser light is called "coherence." Again, color depends upon the wavelength. Since a laser beam is composed of light of the same wavelength, it has an extraor- dinarily pure color. And, most important, unlike the flashlight, a laser beam does not diverge or spread out very much. The laser light can travel in a very narrow beam even over long distances. Because of this, its power can be extremely concentrated. In fact, some lasers can produce a beam of light that, even miles away, can be thousands of times brighter than the sun's surface appears from earth. The fact that a laser beam can retain such high power, even over long distances, partly accounts for its use in light shows and many other applications. But this same fact also ac- counts for its potential hazard. A laser beam loses very little power when it is reflected off a smooth, shiny surface. When the light from a light bulb is reflected off a mirror, it continues to diverge and spread its energy over even larger areas. When a laser beam is reflected off a mirror or other smooth, shiny surfaces, such as water, glass, metal beams or a glossy floor, it still does not diverge very much. So a reflected laser beam can have almost the same power and potentially the same hazard as a direct laser beam. Ordinary light reflects off a mirror and its beam continues to diverge. Laser light reflects off a mirror and still does not diverge very much. Mirror balls are frequently used in light shows to separate and reflect the laser beam into many rays of laser light. When done properly, this can significantly reduce the power and, therefore, the potential hazard of a laser beam. If the beam is reflected off enough facets on the mirror ball, the resulting rays will go off in many directions. Although the individual rays still do not diverge very much, each has only a fraction of the power in the direct beam. Obviously, the degree of safety that this can produce depends upon the power of the direct laser beam, and the number of rays and directions into which the beam is split.
Scanning device built in If a laser beam is reflected off a rough or irregular surface, like a concrete wall or even some "walls" of smoke, the irregularities in the surface scatter the beam in many different directions. The beam is forced to diverge and therefore lose some of its power. However, a very high powered laser beam can still retain enough of its intensity after reflecting off a rough or irregular surface to cause injury. In addition, some rough surfaces may have shiny spots that allow for a mirror-like reflection of part of the beam. LASER HAZARDS The high powered lasers that are increasingly used in laser shows can produce enough light radiation to cause permanent eye damage as well as severe skin burns. Should any accidental direct exposure occur, there is a high chance of injury to the individual. The lens and cornea of the eye concentrate light and focus it on the retina. In a sense, the eye acts like a magnifying lens to concentrate the light. The retina translates the light into nerve impulses that travel through the optic nerve to the brain, where an image is Because the eye focuses light, it is the most sensitive part of the body to laser radiation. But severe skin burns can also be caused by laser light. With some lasers, you can light a cigarette merely by putting the end of it in the laser beam. If the beam has enough power to light a cigarette, you can im- agine the kind of skin burns it could cause. The question of safety or hazard with laser light shows is "To what levels of power might people be exposed?" The mere presence of a high powered laser does not necessarily pose a hazard. Scanning safeguards and other means can be taken to protect people from laser hazards. But:There is a hazard whenever a high power laser beam could possibly strike someone, par- ticularly in the eyes. The beam could be dangerous even if it is reflected off a smooth or shiny surface. If the laser is high enough in power, it could be dangerous even when the beam is reflected off a rough surface or scattered by fog or smoke. H It only takes a fraction of a second to cause serious injury! These are the reasons for the government's safety requirements for laser light shows. But such efforts cannot ensure absolute safety. So it is important that you, as a person involved with producing a laser show, carry out your part in laser safety. CHAPTER 2 GOVERNMENT FDA's REGULATORY STANDARD FOR ALL LASERS A II laser products made since August 1976 must meet the FDA laser perfor- mance standard. Each manufac- turer of laser products must report to FDA about the types of laser products produced. The standard divides laser products into four classes, bas- ed on the potential for injuring people and the intensity of the radiation in the laser beam (the power of the laser beam is measured in watts*). Class I products produce levels of radiation that have not been found to cause biological damage. Class I visible radiation lasers emit less than 0.39 mi- crowatts (or 0.39 millionths of a watt) continuous output. *The term "watts," when used to describe laser output, is NOT equivalent to wattage, when used to describe an electric light. Refer to page 28 of Appendix I for an ex- planation of the distinction. 16 Class II lasers produce radiation- that could cause eye damage after direct, long-term exposure. Class II lasers emit less than 1 milliwatt (or 1 thousandth of a watt) continuous output. Class Ill laser products pro- duce radiation powerful enough to injure human tissue with one short exposure to the direct beam or its direct reflections off a shiny surface. Class Ill visible radiation lasers emit less than 500 milliwatts (or one-half watt) continuous output. Class Ill is subdivided into Classes llla and Illb. Class llla is limited to five milliwatts in the visible spectrum. More stringent requirements apply to Class lllb lasers. Class IV lasers produce radi- ation so powerful that it can cause injury with a direct or reflected exposure, even when the beam is scattered or diffused by a rough surface or even by some smoke screens. Class IV visible radiation lasers emit more than one-half watt continuous output. All laser products above Class I, made after August 1976, must have labels that indicate the class to which they belong. Additional safety design and labeling features are required according to the class of the product. WHAT THE FDA STANDARD MEANS FOR LASER LIGHT SHOWS FDA's standard was developed when the use of lasers in the entertainment world was in its infancy. Lasers for demonstration purposes fell primarily into Class I or II and the standard reflected this. But because of the low visibility of their beams, Class I and II lasers are not effective with very large crowds. The light shows at concerts and discotheques nowadays often use Class lllb and even Class IV lasers. FDA recognizes that it is possible to use these high powered lasers in such a way that they will be as safe as Class I and II demonstration lasers as longas the manufacturers can assure safety. FDA does this by means of a "variance." A variance is permission from FDA to deviate from one or more of the requirements of a standard when alternate steps are taken to assure safety. Before May 1980, all of the safety requirements described below were imposed for laser shows except the requirement of an approved variance prior to per- formance. As of September 20, 1985, the following policy is legally binding: Before Class lllb or Class IV lasers are sold, used in perfor- mances, or otherwise introduced into commerce for demon- stration or entertainment pur- poses, manufacturers must have an approved variance from FDA. W Laser manufacturers include people who make laser pro- duds and people who receive compensation to design, as- semble, or modify a laser pro- jector and/or light show. This means that a musical group or others are considered manufacturers if they assemble a show. . .even if the act of manufacture is simply setting up a show in a particular loca- tion or changing a general pur- pose laser to light show use, without adding any new laser components. This does not mean that "all the world's a laser manufacturer." And it does not mean that a separate variance is needed for each laser show. But it does mean that first, the manufacturers of all Class lllb or IV laser pro- ducts used in shows that do not already have a variance, must obtain one for each type of show performed. Second, all l'man~fact~rerslfmust submit to FDA a report on all thetypes of laser products manufactured. A variance must be obtained before a laser can be used in a performance or display. FDA uses several safety criteria to determine whether a variance will be granted to a laser light show. These criteria include: H The laser must meet all the design and labeling require- ments of its class and the following. H Laser radiation cannot ex- ceed Class I limits where the audience is located. (This can be achieved by proper use of mirror balls, scanning devices, or other safeguards.) H If devices, like mirror balls or flat mirrors, are used to reflect the beam, scanning safeguards or other measures are required to make sure that laser radiation above Class I will not acci- dentally go into the audience. H Performerscannot be exposed to radiation above Class I limits if they must view the laser beam in the course of a performance. When they don't have to view the laser beam, performers can- not be exposed to radiation above Class I1limits. If the laser is not under the continuous control of an opera- tor, laser radiation above Class II limits must be restricted so that it comes no closer than 6 meters (about 20 feet) above, or 2.5 meters (about 8 feet) on the sides or below the floor where the audience would be. If the laser is under the con- tinuous control of an operator, laser radiation above Class II limits can come no closer than 3 meters (about 10 feet) above or 2.5 meters (about 8 feet) on the sides or below the floor where the audience would be. Appropriate controls must be taken to make sure that un- authorized persons cannot in- terfere with the safe operation of the laser. A person must be designated as the laser safety officer who will be responsible for shutting down the laser should any unsafe conditions occur (e.g., should individuals in the audience try to get within the direct laser beam by climbing on a chair or some- one's shoulders, or should reflective articles be thrown in the beam). In some situations, as when the audience becomes unruly, strict security measures should be taken to keep the laser operating area free and under the full control of the authorized personnel. Other criteria may be includ- ed depending upon the particu- lar show. They may include such requirements as com- pliance with State and local re- quirements, contacting the Federal Aviation Administration for outdoor shows, certification of operators, use of laser cut-off devices or safety shields, time limitations for particular effects and restrictions on the location of the operator or performers. Once a variance is granted, representativesof FDA must be allowed to inspect the laser equipment and the safety pro- cedures to assure that the con- ditions of the variance are met. FDA should be notified in writing of all shows at least 1 month in advance. When this is not possible bcause of last minute scheduling, FDA should be notified by tele- phone as soon as possible and then a written confirmation should be sent to FDA. Anyone who operates laser light shows without an approv- ed FDA variance or who other- wise violates the FDA laser safe- ty standard may be subject to a court injunction andlor civil penalties (fines up to $300,000) as provided for in Section 360C of the Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act. When FDA becomes aware of a par- ticular laser show that is operated in violation of the law or otherwise in an irresponsible fashion, FDA will notify the manufacturer or operator and require corrective action. If the problem is serious, FDA will also notify the State and local authorities and facility managers who can take addi- tional, immediate legal steps to halt a hazardous show. STATE AND LOCAL LASER LIGHT SHOW REQUIREMENTS State and municipal govern- ments can have their own re- quirements, beyond those of FDA and FAA, with which laser light shows must comply when operating in their jurisdictions. Presently, 6 State agencies have specific legislation for lasers and 25 have the authority to develop specific laser regula- tions. In addition, all States and many local agencies have the authority to take action if a laser show endangers the gen- eral health and safety of the public. Several States have clos- ed down laser shows that violated the FDA safety re- quirements. The State agencies with the responsibility for radiation con- trol should be notified in ad- vance of laser shows operating within the State boundaries. The following information should be provided in writing by the laser safety officer from either the operating group or the facility where the show is held: Name, address, and phone number of laser safety officer(s1 or operator(s) Name, address, and phone number of the auditorium facili- ty and the manager TVD~of laser show Date(s) and time of perfor- mance (if it is not an ongoing show) Length of time laser will be in operation Expected attendance Class of laser and name of manufacturer Sketches to describe the design or layout of the show If Class lllb or IV laser pro- duct, FDA variance and acces- sion number and date of the variance approval Since the State requirements vary, it is important that laser show operators or facility managers contact the appro- priate office directly to notify the authorities of the operation of a laser show and to ascertain what, if any, additional re- quirements exist. The State per- sonnel will also be aware of any relevant municipal re- quirements. Managers of facilities where laser shows are held should be familiar with any local safety requirements. The addresses and phone numbers of the State radiation control offices will be found in Appendix Ill of this booklet. CHAPTER 3 INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITIES RESPONSIBILITIES OF LASER MANUFACTURERS AND OPERATORS L aser manufacturers (in- cluding operators or people who set up or assemble laser systems) should have a good understanding of the FDA laser performance standard, the requirements for the class of laser product with which they are concerned and the safety requirements for laser light show operations. FDA and State personnel are available to help you make sure that your shows are run safely and in compliance with the law. For more information, contact the appropriate State office listed in Appendix Ill of this booklet, or: Office of Compliance HFZ-312 Center for Devices and Radiological Health 8757 Georgia Avenue Silver Spring, MD 20910 (301) 427-8228 Specifically, the following responsibilities are those of the laser manufacturer or operator of light shows: You must notify FDA, in writing, at least 1 month in ad- vance of a show. In cases of traveling shows, you may want to send to FDA the schedule for the entire tour. When this is not possible because of last minute scheduling, you should notify FDA by telephone as far in advance as possible and then confirm it in writing. H You must contact the State or local radiation control authorities in writing in ad- vance of conducting a laser show in their jurisdiction. Again, when this is not possi- ble, you should telephone the State agency as far in advance as feasible. The information you should provide to the State is listed on page 21 of this book- let. In some areas, they also have operating requirements beyond FDA's. (See Appendix Ill of this booklet for ii list of the State authorities who must be contacted.) H You should also provide to the facility manager the information that is given to the State authority. If you are responsible for an outdoor laser light show, you must notify the Federal Aviation Administration. (See Appendix II of this booklet for a list of which FAA office must be con- tacted.) If there are any radiation ac- cidents or alleged accidents, that is, if someone is hurt or an accidental exposure to a laser beam of Class Ill or IV occurs, you must report the incident to the local authority and FDA regardless of whether any ac- tual injuries occurred. As of September 20, 1985, if you will be using a Class lllb or IV laser in light shows or displays, you must submit a variance ap- lication and receive an approved variance from FDA before a performance. You may be asked to show the documents to verify your variance to State or local authorities and facility managers. In fact, this is required in some jurisdictions. Because the public is becoming increasingly aware of potential laser hazards, you may want to include a statement in any promotional advertising of your laser show that it will be operated in conformance with FDA laser safety criteria. If you do so, however, you can- not imply that the show is "endorsed" or "approved" by FDA. Before granting a variance, FDA will require that a report be filed describing your laser pro- ducts and the manner by which they comply with the FDA laser safety standard and the con- ditions of any variances. This "initial report" must be followed up by a "model change report" should you plan to introduce a new or modified laser show or device into commerce. An annual report must also be sub- mitted by September 1 of each year summarizing the testing and the records that must be maintained. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE MANAGERS OF FACILITIES WHERE LASER SHOWS ARE HELD In order to safeguard your audiences,you should be aware of the safety requirements plac- ed on the manufacturers and operators of laser shows by Federal, State and local authorities. To avoid possible liability for laser injuries, see that any shows in your facility have complied with the legal requirements. NOTE: The laser operator should provide to you the information about the class of laser to be used and its variance status. A laser product should have a label indicating its class. If the laser is Class lllb or IV, the company responsible for the laser should have documentation (an accession and variance number) from FDA granting a variance. you can contact the State authority (see Appendix Ill of this booklet) or FDA to verify the status of a company's variance. One person, either the laser company's operator, or where there is no operator, an em- ployee from the facility, should be designated as laser safety of- ficer. A laser safety officer should be in attendance whenever a laser is in opera- tion and should be responsible for shutting down the laser should any unsafe conditions occur. .In order to properly set up and align a laser light system that can be operated safely, laser groups will need time in the facility before the show without members of the public present. They will need the electrical power and water sup- ply set up early enough to test and align the equipment. De- pending upon the complexity of the system, the preparation for a show may take up to several hours. Should a full in- spection by FDA representa- tives be found necessary, it may require an additional hour or two prior to the show. This should be allowed for in the scheduling of performances. .Should any accident occur with the laser, you should report the incident to the State authority and to FDA. FDA and State personnel are available to help you ensure that laser shows in your facility are run safely and in com- pliance with the law. Contact the FDA or the appropriate State office listed in Appendix Ill for more information. WHAT THE PUBLIC SHOULD KNOW ABOUT LASER SAFETY Laser light shows can be ex- citing but they can also be hazardous if someone is ac- cidentally struck (particularly in the eyes) by direct, reflected or even diffuse high power laser radiation. You have a right to enjoy a laser show knowing that your safety is provided for by the laser manufacturer, the laser operator and the management of the facility where the show is held. Should you have reason to believe that a show is not being run safely -that is, that the precautions spelled out in this booklet are not being taken -talk with the laser operator or people in charge of the faci- lity, or call the State authority (listed in Appendix Ill). If you are aware of anyone being in- jured at a laser show, report it to the State authority or FDA. APPENDIX I HOW LASERS WORK L aser is an acronym for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emis- sion of Radiation." The actual material that produces the laser light is called the lasing medium. It may be either a solid, liquid or a gas. Most large light shows use gas lasers with either krypton gas or a mixture of argon and krypton gases. Helium- neon gas lasers are common in smaller laser displays. The gas is usually contained in a long, thin cylindrical glass tube. The pressure and the concentration of the gas in- side the tube must be just right or else the laser will not operate. At one end of the tube is a totally reflecting mirror; at the other end is a partially transmitting mirror (that is, it allows a small portion of light to pass through). Like a fluorescent light bulb, the lasers in light shows will work only when an electric cur- rent passes through the tube con- taining the gases. When the electrical energy enters the tube, it "excites" the atoms of the lasing medium. What actually happens is the electrons of an atom absorb the electrical energy by jum- ping to higher energy states. After a small fraction of a second, the elec- trons will "fall" back to their normal energy state. When they do so, the atom gives off the excess energy in the form of a "photon" or small packet of light radiation. Atom in Atom in Atom Returns to Normal Normal State Excited Sate by GivingOff Nucleus Electron Depending upon the amount of energy absorbed, the atom will give off a phpton with a particular wavelength. This photon of light can trigger (or "stimulate") the release (or "emission") of similar photons from the other excited atoms in the lasing medium. The photons bounce back and forth between the two mirrors at the ends of the tube. As they bounce back and forth they continue to trigger more and more photons, building up to higher and higher intensity. The stimulated photons of light radiation are of the same wavelength and move in the same direction as the original photons. Some of this light will pass out through the partially transmitting mirror at the end of the tube. This is the laser beam with the unique characteristic described before: coherence. Partially ,,,bbbbbbb,b Transmitting Mirror 4 4 444444 You may be wondering how a laser beam that is supposed to be composed of light waves with the same wavelength can result in the numerous color ef- fects that are frequently seen in light shows. The answer lies in the atomic structure of the las- ing medium and in the fact that the atom can release more than one level of energy at the same time. Each of the electron orbits of an atom is bound to the nucleus by a specific level of energy. Those close to the nucleus are bound progres- sively more tightly. Those fur- ther away from the nucleus are bound progressively less tightly. In order for an electron to jump to another energy state, it must have absorbed a specific amount of additional energy to "boost" it into that higher state. And likewise, when that electron falls back to its normal state, the atom wilt give off the same specific amount of energy. The wavelength or col- or of the photon given off is determined by this specific amount of energy. The atomic structure of kryp- ton gas is relatively complex. It has 36 electrons. So a krypton atom has many electrons at dif- ferent energy states available to absorb and then emit photons of various wavelengths and therefore various colors. By in- corporating a prism at the end of the laser, the photons of the particular wavelengths (or col- ors) can be separated into several rays of different colors. Another point that should be clarified has to do with the units by which the output of a laser is measured. Although the term "watt" is used to describe both lasers and conventional electric devices like light bulbs, the term can refer to very different things. When you have a 100 watt light bulb, the wattage refers to the power input or the electricity re- quired to make the bulb work. The output from a 100 watt light bulb is about 15 watts. And again, the 15 watts of energy coming out of a light bulb is spread out in all directions. When you have a 1 watt laser, the wattage refers to the optical output of the laser. This 1 watt of optical radiation is traveling in a narrow, concen- trated beam in one direction. At a distance of 100 feet, the light from the 1 watt laser can be about 1 million times more concentrated than from the light bulb! It should also be pointed out that the physical size of a laser has little bearing on its power out- put. There are many lasers that are physically small, but have more power output than some large ones. The only reliable way of telling the power output of a laser is to look at the label on the product, which should indicate its class and absolute maximum power output. APPENDIX II A REGIONAL BOUNDARIES (Alaskan) 9 LOCATIONSOF REGIONAL HEADQUARTERS Alaskan Regional Office P.O. Box 14 Anchorage, AK 9951 3 (907) 271-5645 Central Regional Office 601 E. 12th St. Kansas City, MO 64106 (816) 374-5626 Eastern Regional Office Federal Building JFK International Airport Jamaica, NY 11430 (212) 917-1005 Great Lakes Regional Office 2300 E. Devon Ave. Des Plains, IL 60018 (312) 694-7294 New England Regional Office 12 New England Executive Park Burlington, MA 01803 (617) 273-7244 Northwest Regional Office 1 7900 Pacific Highway S. Seattle, WA 981 68 (206) 431 -2001 Southern Regional Office P.O. Box 20636 Atlanta, GA 30320 (404) 763-7222 Southwest Regional Office P.O. Box 1689 Ft. Worth, TX 76101 (817) 877-2100 Western-Pacific Regional Office P.O. Box 92007 Worldway Postal Center Los Angeles, CA 90009 (213) 536-6427 APPENDIX Ill STATE RADIATION CONTROL OFFICES For information on State and local requirements for laser light shows, contact the appropriate office listed below. Division of Rad. Hlth. State Dept. of Public Hlth. State Office Bldg. Montgomery, AL 361 30 (205) 261-531 5 Radiological Hlth. Program Dept. of Hlth. & Soc. Serv. Pouch H-06F Juneau, AK 9981 1-9976 (907) 465-301 9 Arizona Rad. Reg. Agency 925 S. 52nd St., Suite 2 Tempe, AZ 85281 (602) 262-801 1 Division of Rad. Control and Emergency Mgmt. Dept. of Hlth. 4815 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72201 (5011 661 -2301 Radiological Hlth. Sect. State Dept. of Hlth. Serv. 714 P St., Ofc. Bldg. #8 Sacramento, CA 9581 4 (916) 322-2073 Radiation Control Div. Dept. of Hlth. 4210 E. 11th Ave. Denver, CO 80220 (303) 320-8333 ext. 6246 Radiation Control Unit Dept. of Env. Protection State Ofc. Bldg. 165 Capital Ave. Hartford, CT 061 06 (203) 566-5668 Office of Rad. Control Dept. of Hlth. & Soc. Serv. Robbins Bldg. Silver Lake Plaza P.O. Box 637 Dover, DE 19901 (302) 736-4731 Department of Consumer and Reg. Affairs Sewice Fac. Reg. Admin. 614 H St., NW. Rm. 1014 Washington, DC 20001 (202) 727-71 90 Office of Rad. Control Dept. of Hlth. & Rehab. Sew. 1317 Winewood Blvd. Tallahassee, FL 32301 (904) 487-1 004 Radiological Hlth. Sect. Dept. of Human Resources 878 Peachtree St., Rm. 600 Atlanta, GA.30309 (404) 894-5795 Bureau of Env. Hlth. Dept. of Public Hlth. and Soc. Sew. P.O. Box 2816 Agana, GU 96910 (6711 734-2671 '~oise and Rad. Branch Dept. of Hlth. 591 Ala Moana Blvd. Honolulu, HI 96813 (808) 548-4383 Radiation Control Sect. Dept. of Hlth. & Welfare Statehouse Mail Boise, ID 83720 (2081 334-4107 Department of Nuclear Safety 1035 Outer Park Dr. Springfield, IL 62704 (217) 546-81 00 Radiological Hlth. Sect. SGte B&rd of Hlth. 1330 W. Michigan St. P.O. Box 1964 Indianapolis, IN 46206 (317) 633-0152 Environmental Hlth. Sect. Dept. of Hlth. Lucas State Ofc. Bldg. Des Moines, IA 5031 9 (515) 281-4928 Bureau of Air Quality and Rad. Control Dept. of Hlth. & Envivon. Forbes Field. Bldg. 321 Topeka, KS 66620 (913) 862-9360 Radiation Control Br. 275 E. Main St. Frankfort, KY 40621 (502) 564-3700 Nuclear Energy Div. Ofc. of Air Quality and Nuclear Energy Div. of Env. Quality P.O. Box 14690 Baton Rouge, LA 70898-4690 (504) 925-4518 Division of Hlth. Eng. 157 Capital St. Augusta, ME 04333 (207) 289-3826 Division of Rad. Control Dept. of Hlth. & Mental Hyg. 201 W. Preston St. Baltimore, MD 21201 (301) 225-6981 Radiation Control Prog. Dept. of Public Hlth. 150 Tremont St., 7th FI. Boston, MA 021 11 (617) 727-6214 Division of Rad. Hlth. 3500 N. Logan St. P.O. Box 30035 Lansing, MI 48909 (517) 373-1 578 Section of Rad. Hlth. Dept. of Hlth. 71 7 Delaware St., SE P.O. Box 9441 Minneapolis, MN 55440 (6121 623-5323 Division of Rad. Hlth. State Dept. of Hlth. 31 50 Lawson St. P.O. Box 1700 Jackson, MS 3921 5-1 700 (601) 354-6657 Bureau of Rad. Hlth. 1730 E. Elm Plaza P.O. Box 570 Jefferson City. MO 65102 (314) 751-8208 Occupational Hlth. Bur. Dept. of Hlth. & Env. Sci. Cogswell Bldg. Helena, MT 59620 (406) 444-3671 Division of Rad. Hlth. 301 Centennial Mall, S. P.O. Box 95007 Lincoln, NE 68509 (402) 471-2168 Radiological Hlth. Sect. Health Div. 505 E. King St. Carson City, NV 89710 (702) 885-5394 Radiological Hlth. Prog. P.O. Box 148 Concord, NH 03301 (603) 271 -4588 Radiation, Pesticides, and Env. Labs Div. of Env. Quality 380 Scotch Rd. Trenton, NJ 08628 (609) 292-8392 Radiation Protection Bur. Dept. of Hlth. & Env. P.O. Box 968 Santa Fe, NM 87504-0968 (505) 984-0020 Bureau of Env. Rad. Prot. Empire State Plaza Corning Tower Albany, NY 12237 (518) 473-3613 Bureau for Rad. Control NY City Dept. of Hlth. 65 Worth St. New York, NY 10013 (212) 334-7761 Radiation Protection Sect. Div. of Fac. Serv. P.O. Box 12200 Raleigh, NC 27605-2200 (919) 733-4283 Division of Env. Eng. Dept. of Hlth. 1200 Missouri Ave. Bismarck, ND 58501 (701) 224-2348 Radiological Hlth. Prog. Dept. of Hlth. 264 N. High St. P.O. Box 118 Columbus, OH 43216 (614) 466-1 380 Radiation and Special Hazards Service P.O. Box 53551 Oklahoma City, OK 731 52 (405) 271 -5221 Radiation Control Sect. State Hlth. Div. P.O. Box 231 Portland, OR 97207 (503) 229-5797 Bureau of Rad. Protection Dept. of Env. Resources P.O. Box 2063 Harrisburg, PA 17120 (717) 787-2480 Radiological Hlth. Div. GPO Call Box 70184 Rio Piedras, PR 00936 (809) 767-3563 Division of Occup. Hlth. and Rad. Control Dept. of Hlth. Cannon Bldg.. Davis St. Providence, RI 02908 (401) 277-2438 Bureau of Rad. Hlth. Dept. of Hlth. and Env. Control 2600 Bull St. Columbia, SC 29201 (803) 758-5548 Licensure and Cert. Pmg. State Dept. of Hlth. Joe Foss Ofc. Bldg. 523 E. Capital Pierre, SD 57501 (605) 773-3364 Division of Rad. Hlth. Dept. of Public Hlth. Terra Bldg.. 150 9th Ave. N. Nashville, TN 37203 (615) 741-7812 Bureau of Rad. Control Dept. of Hlth. 1100 W. 49th St. Austin, TX 78756-3189 (512) 835-7000 Bureau of Rad. Control State Dept. of Hlth. Box 45500 Salt Lake City. UT 84145 (801) 533-6734 Division of Occup. and Rad. Hlth. Dept. of Hlth. 10 Baldwin St. Montpelier, VT 05602 (802) 828-2886 Bureau of Rad. Hlth. Dept. of Hlth. Haz. Control 109 Governor St. Richmond, VA 23219 (804) 786-5932 Department of Public Works Div. of Natural Res. P.O. Box 4340 Charlotte Arnalie St. Thomas, VI 00801 (809) 774-6420 Radiation Control Sec. Dept. of Soc. & Hlth. Serv. MS LF-13 Olympia. WA 98504 (206) 753-3468 Radiological H lth. Sect. Industrial Hyg. Div. 151 1 lth Ave. S. Charleston, WV 25303 (304) 348-3526 Radiation Protect. Sect. Div. of Hlth. P.O. Box 309 Madison, WI 53701 (608) 273-5181 Radiological Hlth. Serv. Div. of Hlth. & Med. Sew. Hathaway Bldg. Cheyenne, WY 82002-0710 (307) 777-7956 |
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